Understanding hydrological processes in an ungauged catchment in sub-Saharan Africa is crucial for local food production. Researchers studied the Makanya catchment in Tanzania using various methods like rainfall and runoff measurements, groundwater sampling, and electrical resistivity tomography. They found that farmers in different zones of the catchment practice different irrigation methods based on climate and water availability. In the highlands, irrigation is used in both wet and dry seasons, while in the midlands, only supplementary irrigation is needed. In the lowlands, spate-irrigation is practiced during the rainy season to divert flash floods onto farmland.