Soil health is crucial for crop productivity, but it can degrade over time. Long-term studies show that balanced fertilization is key, with different nutrients affecting rice and wheat differently. Nitrogen response is higher in rice, while phosphorus and potassium responses are higher in wheat. Applying all necessary nutrients, including micro and macro nutrients, based on soil tests leads to maximum yields. Organic farming can reduce yield gaps with chemical fertilizers, but it takes time to see results. Combining organic manures with chemical fertilizers improves soil health and productivity more effectively than using chemical fertilizers alone.