The article examines how the Kyoto Protocol aims to balance global emission reduction goals with the economic interests of countries. It uses game theory to analyze cooperation issues among nations in international climate protection. The study focuses on the role of flexible mechanisms like emissions trading and the Clean Development Mechanism in making emission reductions cost-effective. However, countries prioritize short-term cost efficiency over environmental effectiveness, limiting the protocol's impact and hindering future climate coalition expansion. The protocol sets the stage for a global learning process in emission reduction, but a sustainable solution requires increased financial commitment from industrial and developing nations.