The article discusses how early retirement and longer lifespans are increasing retirement costs. It explores why social security systems struggle with early retirement and suggests reforms to address this issue. The authors analyze how social security rules affect retirement age and propose ways to measure these effects. They argue that policies discouraging older workers from staying in the workforce do not create more jobs for younger workers. The gap between older workers' salaries and productivity can lead employers to push them into early retirement, which governments should not support.