European forests provide various services, but it's unclear how they respond to different management practices. By analyzing data from 20 European case studies, researchers found that more intense forest management leads to higher wood production. However, the impact on biodiversity can be positive or negative, depending on the region. Protective and social functions of forests are less affected by management intensity. The type of tree species and social environment have minimal effects, while the region plays a significant role in how ecosystem services respond to management.