The article discusses different types of raw materials and energy sources, including mineral raw materials, oil, gas, coal, and renewable resources. It explains how these materials are formed, processed, and used in various industries. The researchers highlight the importance of renewable resources like natural fats, oils, cellulose, starch, and biofuels as sustainable alternatives to traditional energy sources. They also discuss the environmental impact of processing raw materials and the potential for balancing the use of renewable resources.