Massive gaps in human development hinder progress in promoting community security.
The concept of human security has evolved since 1994, with global efforts to address it. However, progress in community security, a key element of human security, has been limited. The paper examines how community security has been promoted internationally, using ASEAN as an example. It argues that gaps in human development, security, and democracy hinder progress in community security. In developing countries, community security is mainly the responsibility of the state.