Homeowners in Europe have different mortgage costs and risks. Some countries have low loan-to-value and loan-to-income ratios, while others have high ratios. The type of mortgage also varies, from short-term loans to high-risk ones. Comparing these ratios can show the risks homeowners face, but it doesn't consider factors like interest rates and house prices. A simulation model was used to calculate mortgage repayments and risks in different European countries. The study found that the costs and risks of mortgages vary across Europe.