The study looked at how changes in the price of milk at the farm level affect the prices of dairy products like milk, butter, cheese, and ice cream at the retail level. The researchers found that when the farm price of milk goes up, retail prices for dairy products increase quickly and by a lot. But when the farm price of milk goes down, retail prices don't drop as much or as fast. They also tested if this pricing difference was due to changes in how much people want to buy dairy products or how much milk farmers produce.