Extreme Arctic Winters Threaten Polar Ecosystems and Livelihoods
The Arctic stratospheric vortex in the 1999-2000 winter was very cold, with a large area of low temperatures near polar stratospheric cloud formation. In early winter, there was a double jet in the upper stratosphere, evolving into a strong, continuous vortex by mid-January. Despite the cold temperatures, the lower stratospheric vortex developed slowly and was weaker than usual until late December.