The article discusses the presence of two species of fireworms in the Mediterranean Sea, Eurythoe laevisetis and Eurythoe complanata, and their distributions. Eurythoe laevisetis is found in the eastern and central Mediterranean, possibly being the first of its kind in the region, while Eurythoe complanata is found in the eastern and Levantine basins. The article also provides a simplified key to identifying different fireworm species in the Mediterranean and updates on five exotic species previously reported in the area.