The article explores how different types of ownership and corporate governance affect how oil companies manage their earnings in Europe. The researchers used data from different quarters and a special method to analyze it. They found that institutional investors owning a small amount of the company's shares tend to encourage earnings management, while owning a larger amount tends to discourage it. Government ownership also influences earnings management, with lower levels of government ownership leading to more manipulation of earnings. Companies with more independent directors and active audit committees are less likely to manipulate their earnings. Overall, the study suggests that ownership and governance structures play a significant role in how oil companies report their financial performance in Europe.