China faces new challenges in the 21st century due to rapid growth, including employment insecurity, inequality, poverty, environmental issues, and economic instability. The country has the potential to address these challenges and sustain growth by encouraging market forces, improving government services, and deepening integration with the world economy. By reforming state enterprises, financial systems, and labor markets, China can lay the foundation for sustained rapid growth and improve people's lives. Additionally, addressing societal risks like poverty, elderly financial security, healthcare access, gender bias, and unemployment is crucial for long-term development. The country must decide whether to prioritize grain self-sufficiency or use trade to boost agricultural efficiency.