Underwriters favor institutions they know, leaving casual investors behind in IPOs.
Underwriters tend to favor institutions they have worked with before when allocating IPOs. Regular investors benefit more than casual investors in IPOs by getting more underpriced shares. This relationship is especially important for IPOs with high demand, less liquid firms, and deals by less reputable underwriters. The results support the idea that IPOs are distributed through book-building. Interestingly, regular investors received even more underpriced IPOs in 1999-2000 compared to previous years, without providing extra services.