Soil temperature and moisture are closely linked, especially in cold weather. A study in China used a model to look at how soil temperature and moisture change during freeze-thaw cycles. They found that soil temperature was easier to predict than soil moisture. The most important factors affecting soil temperature and moisture were related to soil heat, evaporation, and freeze-thaw processes. The model showed that soil temperature measurements could help improve predictions of soil water content. However, measuring soil moisture had a trade-off effect on predicting both temperature and moisture accurately. The study also found that uncertainty in soil temperature was highest in winter, likely due to the complexity of soil properties during freeze-thaw cycles and snow cover. The model's results on surface heat fluxes can be compared with other climate models and weather measurements to better understand soil processes.