Leaders' behaviors are often seen as more influenced by their personality traits than by their surroundings, while subordinates' behaviors are expected to be more situational. A study found that when subordinates' actions were caused by their personality and had consequences, they were seen as more informative. Surprisingly, when leaders' actions had no consequences, they were judged less severely. This suggests that people make different judgments about leaders and subordinates based on the causes and outcomes of their behaviors.