The FIFA Football World Cup in South Africa in 2010 had a big economic impact, mainly from spending by foreign visitors. However, limited air travel and high accommodation costs may have caused some negative effects on the local economy. The study looked at how to measure these effects, including distinguishing between crowding-out and time switching. To do this, they used both detailed surveys and overall statistics. The researchers found that during the World Cup, there was both crowding-out and time switching happening, which can be tricky to separate.