The study looked at how different farming methods and machinery affected soil and crop growth in central Spain. They compared no-tillage and conventional tillage, as well as the impact of machinery traffic. No-tillage led to more nutrients near the surface, while conventional tillage had more even nutrient levels. No-tillage had more organic matter on the surface, but lower crop yields. Compaction from machinery reduced soil pH in conventional tillage plots. Water distribution in the soil varied between the two methods, with more moisture deeper down in no-tillage. Soil density was lower in conventional tillage, especially affected by machinery traffic.