Researchers studied how different levels of nitrogen, seed-furrow mulching, and weed management affect weed growth, nitrogen depletion, and wheat yield in late-sown conditions. They found that higher nitrogen levels and mulching increased weed growth and nitrogen depletion, but also led to higher wheat yields. Weed management practices like hand weeding or herbicides reduced weed competition and improved crop yields. Isoproturon herbicide was particularly effective at controlling weeds and reducing nitrogen depletion. Overall, the best results were seen with high nitrogen levels, heavy mulching, and hand weeding for managing weeds.