Monetary policy shocks in Japan's 1990s underestimated, impacting economy significantly.
The study looked at how effective Japan's monetary policy was in the 1990s by analyzing the impact of unexpected changes in policy on the economy. The results showed that when monetary policy changes were unexpected, they had a bigger effect on real output and financial variables than when they were expected. This means that the true impact of monetary policy on the economy was underestimated when market expectations were not taken into account.