The article discusses different ways to design underground spaces, focusing on tunnels and construction techniques. The researchers looked at how to model reinforced zones in tunnels, factors affecting soft rock tunnels, using TRD methods for soil mix walls, and how drilled piers and shallow foundations supported a tall building in Texas. Key findings include the importance of design parameters for tunnel modeling, understanding factors that impact soft rock tunnels, the effectiveness of TRD techniques for soil walls, and the successful use of drilled piers and shallow foundations for tall building construction.