Researchers tested different rice-based cropping systems in eastern Uttar Pradesh and found that highly intensive crop sequences involving rice, potato, and other crops were more productive and profitable compared to traditional rice-wheat sequences. However, the traditional rice-wheat sequence was more stable and profitable in the long run. Systems with potato as a component crop had higher cultivation costs due to increased labor requirements. Green manuring with Sesbania aculeata improved soil fertility, while rice-potato + garlic-green fodder sequence depleted soil nutrients. Overall, the rice-wheat sequence with sesbania green manuring was found to be the most suitable for stable production and better returns with minimal labor requirements under irrigated conditions.