Researchers studied soil iron and manganese forms in the Yama Mountain area. They found that most soil iron is in a residual form, while soil manganese is mainly in Fe and Mn oxides-bound and residual forms. Irrigation with secondary effluent increased iron and manganese availability to plants. Adding iron and manganese salts can improve soil deficiencies. Soil properties like pH, organic matter, and exchangeable cations affect iron and manganese availability. Fe-Mn oxides-bound iron is most available for plant iron nutrition, and organic matter-bound manganese is crucial for plant manganese availability.