The study looked at different types of forests in the Ziwuling region and their characteristics. They found that Quercus liaotungensis forests are the most common, while Pinus tabulaeformis forests have a mix of species. Pinus tabulaeformis has the most species, while Pinus tabulaeformis f.shekannesis has the least. The amount of litter on the forest floor varies between the different types of forests, with Pinus tabulaeformis having the most. The researchers also measured how much water the litter can hold, with Pinus tabulaeformis having the highest water holding capacity.