In China, preventing pollution in groundwater is crucial for two reasons: first, to keep groundwater safe for drinking, and second, to stop contamination from getting into rivers and lakes. While most studies have focused on protecting groundwater for drinking, not enough research has been done on how pollutants in groundwater end up in surface water. For example, nitrate from farms can pollute groundwater and then flow into rivers, causing them to become overly rich in nutrients. This pollution can lead to unhealthy water in China's major rivers and lakes. To manage this issue better, we need more studies on how pollutants move from non-point sources into groundwater and how they affect surface water.