The study looked at how different types of fertilizers affect the nutrients in paddy soil. They found that using organic manure increased soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus levels. Chemical fertilizers helped reduce soil acidity and increased available phosphorus and potassium. Returning straw to the soil also boosted soil carbon and nitrogen. The best approach was to use organic manure and straw with potassium fertilizer to improve soil carbon and meet rice nutrient needs, while being mindful of potential nitrogen and phosphorus pollution.