Simplified cultivation and returning straw to the field can increase rice yield and improve root traits. Shallow tillage resulted in slightly lower grain yield compared to deep tillage. Planting methods did not significantly affect yield. Returning straw to the field increased rice yield by 365 kg/ha on average over three years. Roots were most abundant in the topsoil and decreased with soil depth. Shallow tillage increased root length and tip quantity compared to deep tillage. Returning straw to the field increased root system dry matter, total root length, surface area, and tip quantity in the topsoil. Overall, using simplified cultivation and returning straw to the field can boost rice root growth and yield.