QIAN Da-xin challenges traditional Confucian ideals in groundbreaking analysis.
QIAN Da-xin analyzed Confucian philosophy in the Song and Ming Dynasties. He agreed with the idea of universal order as moral standards but disagreed with heaven being universal order. QIAN Da-xin criticized the elevation of Neo-Confucianism and faction ideas in historical records. He respected Wang Yangming and ZHU Xi in his analysis.