The EU imposes trade barriers like anti-dumping, countervailing, and safeguards on China more than any other country. The researchers found that China is EU's top target for anti-dumping measures, while India is the main focus for countervailing actions. Safeguard measures, which are used less often, are rarely applied to China by the EU. In recent times, the EU has increasingly utilized these trade regulations against China, despite China being one of its major trading partners.