Fruit tree cultivation affects soil in different ways depending on the age of the orchard. Older orchards have lower soil density in the top layer but higher density below, which can harm root growth. Soil hardness also increases with orchard age, potentially impacting root health. Surface soil in orchards has poor aggregation, but older orchards have more stable soil aggregates. Overall, fruit trees improve topsoil conditions but can degrade subsoil over time, which may affect tree growth. Monitoring and managing soil health in orchards is important for sustainable fruit production.