Different fertilization treatments were tested on double-cropping rice in southeast Hubei province. Results showed that fertilization increased rice yield and nutrient uptake. Soil-test-fertilization had the highest productivity and nutrient efficiency. Plant height, panicle number, and grain yield increased with fertilization. Nutrient accumulation in rice organs varied with fertilization type. N and P accumulated more in grains and straw, while K accumulated more in straw. Overall, soil-test-fertilization had the best results in terms of productivity and nutrient efficiency for both early and late rice crops.