The researchers collected and tested drinking water samples from 648 villages in Zunhua City in 2012. They found that only 43.9% of the samples met the quality standards. The main issues were high levels of total coliform bacteria, nitrate, total hardness, and total dissolved solids. Water quality was worse in the wet season compared to the dry season. Differences were also observed between villages with centralized and decentralized water supplies. Overall, the study revealed significant microbiological and organic pollution in the rural drinking water of Zunhua City, highlighting the need for improved water treatment and protection measures to ensure the health of residents.