The study looked at how different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation affect nitrate levels in soil and grain yield of winter wheat. They found that increasing nitrogen fertilizer led to more nitrate buildup in the soil. Nitrogen application affected nitrate levels in the top 100 cm of soil, while both fertilizer and irrigation influenced levels in the deeper soil layers. Combining fertilizer and irrigation increased wheat yield, but using fertilizer alone also helped. The soil had too much nitrogen from planting to mid-growth, and too little from mid-growth to harvest. More nitrogen led to lower nitrogen recovery and higher losses. The best combination was 130 kg/ha of nitrogen and 60 mm of irrigation for optimal nitrate levels, yield, and nitrogen recovery.