Long-term fertilization with organic manure in dryland soil significantly increases crop yield and improves soil fertility. Using equal amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, organic manure alone boosted yield by 46.6%, while a combination of organic manure and chemical fertilizer increased yield by 44.8%. Chemical fertilizer alone resulted in a 22.4% yield increase. The soil fertility also improved with increased fertilization. The effects of fertilization can continue to benefit crop yield for up to three years after application.