The researchers tested different herbicides on grain sorghum to see which ones were most effective at controlling weeds and not harming the sorghum plants. They found that a tank mix of atrazine + pendimethalin before the plants emerged worked best, while post-emergence application of some herbicides caused harm to both the sorghum and weeds. New herbicides like penoxsulam, velore, and odessey were good at killing weeds but also reduced the number of grains produced by the sorghum plants. Overall, the study showed that choosing the right herbicide and application method is crucial for maximizing grain yield in grain sorghum crops.