A ten-year experiment in Shanxi Province studied how returning straw to fields and deep fertilization in autumn affects dryland corn growth. Results showed that this method improved soil moisture, seedling growth, and water and fertilizer efficiency. Crop remains were used better, soil microorganisms were more active, and soil fertility improved. This led to stronger seedlings, increased photosynthesis, and higher water use efficiency. Fertilizer utilization rates for nitrogen and phosphorus also increased, leading to higher yields. Overall, the method increased corn yield by 25.6% - 36.5% over ten years while maintaining soil fertility and productivity.