The study looked at how smoking affects the quality of sperm in men in Ghana. They tested 140 men, with 95 smokers and 45 non-smokers. The smokers were split into different groups based on how much they smoked. Results showed that smokers had less semen, fewer active sperm, and lower levels of certain hormones compared to non-smokers. The smokers were more likely to have sperm issues like low count, low motility, and abnormal shapes. The more a person smoked, the worse their sperm quality became. So, smoking can lead to poorer sperm health, making it harder to have children.