The UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change. Developed countries agreed to cut emissions by 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012. The Kyoto Protocol allows for flexible mechanisms like emissions trading and clean development to help countries meet their targets. India is not required to reduce emissions but must follow general commitments. The USA and Australia did not ratify the Protocol, with the USA calling it flawed. Developing countries can participate in emissions reduction through the Clean Development Mechanism.