The study looked at how climate change and human activities affect grasslands in China, Mongolia, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan from 2000 to 2013. They used net primary productivity (NPP) to measure the impact. Results showed that climate change mainly caused grassland restoration, while human activities led to degradation in Mongolia and Pakistan. In Uzbekistan, it was the opposite. In China, both factors played a similar role in both restoration and degradation. Overall, climate change had a bigger impact on grassland degradation, while human activities influenced restoration.