The essay argues for a politics of empowerment that aims to create autonomy for all citizens through a common structure of action. This approach requires treating systematically disadvantaged groups unequally to achieve equal freedom. The focus is on addressing unfair power imbalances and opportunities, emphasizing both democracy and justice. The modern state is seen as a system of authority that should uphold the rule of law, ensuring equal treatment and protection from arbitrary political power. The goal is to create a fair political community governed by these principles.