The study looked at how using municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash in concrete affects cement hydration and leaching. They used X-ray analysis to see how the ash affected cement hydration and found that it slowed it down. When they tested leaching, they found that more ash in the concrete led to more alkaline elements being released. However, mixing the ash with crushed concrete reduced the release of certain metals like aluminum and silicon. Overall, the results showed that using a mix of ash and crushed concrete can help reduce the release of harmful elements in concrete.