A study looked at different ways of farming pigeonpea to see which was most efficient. They tested two types of tillage (how the soil is prepared) and four cropping systems (ways of planting crops together). They found that planting only pigeonpea gave the tallest plants and longest roots. The highest grain yield was from planting pigeonpea with sunnhemp or soybean. The system with pigeonpea and soybean in a 1:2 ratio was the most energy efficient, with the highest productivity and rainfall use efficiency. Minimum tillage was better than conventional tillage for energy output and efficiency.