Planting density and sowing date greatly affect the growth and yield of cotton crops. Early planting and moderate plant density resulted in taller plants with more leaves and fruits, leading to higher lint yield. Early planting also allowed for better utilization of resources, with increased photosynthetic rate and nitrogen acquisition. Moderate plant density was found to be the most effective in increasing lint yield by allowing more light to reach lower parts of the plant, efficient nitrogen use, and better distribution of nutrients to reproductive structures. Overall, planting cotton earlier and at a moderate density can significantly improve crop yield.