Dual-ballot elections disadvantage female candidates in attracting resources and power.
Some electoral systems in Brazil were compared to see if they produce better politicians. The study found that candidates in single-ballot and dual-ballot elections are similar in age, education, and skills. However, dual-ballot elections have fewer women in top positions. Both types of mayors spend similar amounts on campaigns and have similar reelection rates. Dual-ballot mayors attract more discretionary transfers in election years when they can run again. This suggests that the experience required for dual-ballot elections may give candidates skills that help them in the electoral process. Unfortunately, this may disadvantage female candidates due to historical low participation of women in politics.