Long-term use of chemical fertilizers on sloping cropland in the Loess Plateau significantly increased crop yield without harming soil structure. The fertilizers led to a decrease in small aggregates and sand content, while increasing large aggregates and silt content. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) levels also rose with continuous fertilization. The study showed that adding both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) over time can improve soil quality and fertility in infertile sloping cropland, compared to areas without fertilization or with nitrogen alone.