The article explores how urban areas in Jakarta have grown over the past two decades, focusing on the impact of physical factors like land cover and the decisions of private developers. By analyzing satellite imagery, researchers found that urban areas in Jakarta are expanding rapidly, especially on the outskirts of the city. The study also shows that different areas of Jakarta have distinct patterns of urban development, with the core having a more connected layout compared to the outskirts. Additionally, the research highlights how the financial resources of private developers influence where new urban areas emerge.