Whole food-web studies of mangrove ecosystems are rare, but some components of the flora and fauna and connections between different organisms have been examined. Researchers have focused on carbon imports and exports in the form of Dissolved Organic Carbon, Particulate Organic Carbon, and CO2. The limited studies conducted so far have shown wide ranges in ecosystem level indices like trophic efficiencies and total energy throughput, making it difficult to draw general conclusions about mangrove food webs.