The article compares how different types of databases handle complex data. It looks at relational, object-relational, and object-oriented models. The researchers found that textbooks often don't cover all three models thoroughly. They argue that students should understand the benefits and challenges of each model. The shift from relational to object-oriented programming has led to the development of new database approaches. Object-oriented databases store data as objects, while object-relational databases modify the relational model to handle complex data.