A variety of methods are used for water treatment, with membranes being a key technology for desalination. The goal is to make desalination more sustainable by reducing energy costs and increasing water recovery. Recent advancements in forward osmosis and membrane distillation show promise for more efficient desalination processes. However, seawater desalination still requires more energy compared to treating fresh water. The research focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of these membrane processes, as well as the development of new materials and modules. The study also highlights challenges like membrane fouling and concentration polarization. Overall, the goal is to improve the sustainability and application of forward osmosis and membrane distillation in seawater desalination.