Surface water is typically used for irrigation in the Fergana Valley, but recent studies show that groundwater also plays a significant role. A study found that 23-30% of crop water needs are met by shallow groundwater. By analyzing water balance over 10 years, researchers estimated that 62% of water comes from groundwater recharge. In 2010, excessive precipitation led to the highest recharge, while lower water availability in 2006-2008 and 2012 resulted in lower recharge. Managing groundwater levels is crucial to prevent soil salinity and nutrient leaching. To conserve freshwater, reducing groundwater discharge is recommended, such as by decreasing excessive drainage.